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The last decade has seen a renaissance of the concept of individualized chemotherapy in oncology, markedly stimulated by the development of new in vitro chemosensitivity assays. The clinical utility of drug response assays has been evaluated in clinical trials and the results suggest that assay-assisted therapy selection may improve survival as well as economic outcomes. This volume comprises the proceedings of the first Symposium of the International Society for Chemosensitivity Testing in Oncology, ISCO-1, held in Homburg/Saar, Germany, in September 2001. The topics include: new in vitro drug-testing methods, tumor chemosensitivity assays, and the clinical relevance of assay-directed therapy. TOC:From the contents: Luminescence applications for chemotherapeutic drug development. The use of the MTT assay to study drug resistance in fresh tumor samples. Multiparametric sensor chips for chemosensitivity testing of sensitive and resistant tumor cells. Development of a new in vitro chemosensitivity test using collagen gel droplet-embedded culture and image analysis for clinical usefulness. In vitro chemosensitivity testing of haematological cancer patients: detection of ornithine decarboxylase.- The chemosensitivity profile of retinoblastoma. Chemosensitivity testing in malignant melanoma. Human melanoma: drug-resistance. Cisplatin, doxorubicin and paclitaxel induce MDR1-gene transcription in ovarian cancer cell lines.- Chemosensitivity testing as an aid to anti-cancer drug regimen development. Assay-assisted treatment selection for women with breast or ovarian cancer. Treosulfan in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. ATP chemosensitivity testing in ovarian and breast cancer.