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A condensed survey of much territory, this text is nevertheless sufficiently detailed to serve also as an introduction. It extends from the derivation of particle and field equations by a general method involving Lorentz covariance to gauge transformations, the electroweak theory, and particle-state transformations as used in neutrino oscillation and double-beta decay theory. Historical developments are emphasized. For instance, the important, but neglected, tortuous path of the isospin concept. While working with this text should bring the novice quickly up to speed, understanding is at the top of the priority list. There the group theoretical underpinnings of much of the material should be useful. Mathematical backup is given in the appendix. Frequent reference to experiment provides the essential reality check.